OOP in C++ is built upon four fundamental concepts, often referred to as the “four pillars” of OOP. Let’s take a closer look at each of these pillars:

1.Encapsulation:
Encapsulation is the practice of bundling data and methods that operate on that data into a single unit called a class. Classes act as blueprints for objects and define the structure and behavior of those objects. Access to the internal state of a class is controlled through public, private, and protected access specifiers, allowing for data hiding and abstraction.

2.Inheritance:
Inheritance is a mechanism that allows a class to inherit the properties and behaviors of another class. The class that inherits from another is called a subclass or derived class, and the class being inherited from is called a superclass or base class. Inheritance promotes code reuse by enabling you to create new classes that are based on existing ones.

3.Polymorphism:
Polymorphism allows objects of different classes to be treated as objects of a common base class. This concept is often implemented through function overriding and function overloading. Polymorphism simplifies code and makes it more flexible, as it allows for the use of generic functions that can work with objects of different types.

4.Abstraction:
Abstraction is the process of simplifying complex reality by modeling classes based on their essential characteristics and ignoring non-essential details. It allows you to create high-level structures that represent real-world objects. Abstraction helps in reducing complexity and managing large-scale software projects effectively.